A reference list, also called a source list or bibliography, contains all resources (excluding personal communications) cited in the text.
How to make a reference list?
List the last name of the author first, followed by the initial(s). Use comma’s to separate an author’s surname and initials.
For a first name with a hyphen, the hyphen replaces the space, Marie-José becomes:
Write prefixes in surnames exactly as presented by the author in the work you are citing.
If the work has up to 20 authors, then all of them are listed in the source reference. Put an ampersand (&) before the last author of a work, preceded by a comma.
When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (three dots separated by a space) but no ampersand, and then add the final author’s name.
Use the full name of groups and organizations, followed by a period. When the group author is part of a larger organization, mention the larger entity first.
For a publication whose author is unknown, move the title to the author's position.
When referencing in the text, use the first few words of the title in quotation marks or italics.
After the author's name, mention the year of publication in parenthesis.
Newspapers & Magazines
For magazines, newspapers and newsletters, specify year/month or year/month/day, depending on the frequency with which the periodical appears.
If the publication date is not known, use (n.d.) = 'no date'
The format of a title varies by type of source.
The title of that work appears in the title element of the reference. The entire title and subtitle are in italics.
Kompella, K. (Ed.). (2019). Marketing wisdom (Ser. Management for Professionals). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7724-1
the title of the article or chapter appears in the title element of the reference and the title of the greater whole (the journal or edited book) appears in the source element. Capitalize using sentence case, but do not italicize the title of a part. Only the title and any subtitle of the entire work are in italics.
Book chapter:
Gilbreath B. (2019). How Leading Brands Deliver Marketing with Meaning. In Kompella K. (eds) Marketing Wisdom (Ser. Management for Professionals). Springer. https://doi-org.nlhhg.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7724-1_4
Article:
MacDermid, J. C. (2018). Self-plagiarism is not easily defined, but should be avoided. Journal of Hand Therapy, 31(4), 427–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2018.10.001
After the title, provide any form-specific information that is important for identifying and retrieving the work. Capitalize only the first word, and use brackets
Carter, L. [OfficialLyndaCarter]. (2020, November 18). I'm Lynda Carter, Wonder Woman actress & singer. Ask me anything! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/jwjaq4/im_lynda_carter_wonder_woman_actress_singer_ask/
Edition
List the edition after the title, in parentheses (not italics). Note the number, '2nd edition' instead of 'second printing'.
The source indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work. The type of source, print or digital, determines which publication information must be included.
For paper books, the finding place is the publisher. The name of the publisher is reproduced as stated in the work. Additions about the publisher's legal form, e.g., B.V. or Inc., are not mentioned.
For digital books, the DOI or date of consultation and URL are also mentioned.
Swinnen, J., & McDermott, J. (Eds.). (2020). Covid-19 & global food security. International Food Policy Research Institute. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from https://books.google.nl/books?id=3EfzDwAAQBAJ
For web pages, list the website name after the title, not in italics, followed by date of consultation and URL. Omit the website name if it is the same as the organization's name (author).
Barden, B. (2020, March 14). The actor who was really stabbed on stage. BBC News. Retrieved June 13, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-51878964
For journal, magazine and newspaper articles, the volume, issue number, and pages are listed. If the article is found online also the DOI or URL
Yeh, S.-S. (2021). Tourism recovery strategy against covid-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), p.188–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1805933
In a source citation, you include the information that is mentioned in the original publication. Usually you will find all the data on the title page, but sometimes you have to browse or search a little further.
If data are missing in the original publication you can often find them in the context or derive them (for example, the website of the organization or publisher). If you cannot find the missing data there either, you may leave out the element concerned.
Note that this sometimes changes the format of the source citation.
Missing element |
solution |
Template |
|
Reference list entry |
In-text citation |
||
Author/Organization |
Provide the titel, publication date, and source. |
Title. (date). Source. |
(Title, year)
Title (year) |
Publication date |
Provide the author, write (n.d.) for "no date", and then the title and source. |
Author. (n.d.) Title. Source. |
(Author, n.d.)
Author (n.d.) |
Title |
Provide the author and date, describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. |
Author. (date). [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, year)
Author (year)
|
Author and publication date |
Provide the title, write (n.d.) for “no date,” and then provide the source. |
Title. (n.d.). Source. |
(Title, n.d.)
Title (n.d.) |
Author and title |
Describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the date and source. |
[Description of work]. (Date). Source |
([Description of work], year)
[Description of work] (year) |
Publication date and title |
Provide the author, write (n.d.) for “no date,” describe the work in square brackets, and then provide |
Author. (n.d.) [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, n.d.)
Author (n.d.) |
Author, publication date, and title |
Describe the work in square brackets, write (n.d.) for “no date,” and then provide the source. |
[Description of work]. (n.d.). Source. |
([Description of work], n.d.)
[Description of work] (n.d.) |
Source |
Cite as a personal communication or find another work to cite |
No reference list entry |
(Communicator, personal communication, month day, year)
Communicator (personal communication, month day, year) |